GLP-1, GLP-2 and GLP-3: How the Research Peptides Differ

The names GLP-1, GLP-2 and GLP-3 look like a series, and in our catalogue they are one. Each is an incretin-class research peptide, and the number tells you how many hormone receptors it acts on.

One, two, three receptors.

A note on names: the body makes its own hormones called GLP-1 and GLP-2. Natural GLP-2, in particular, is an intestinal hormone with a different role. Our catalogue names describe receptor targets, and there is no natural hormone called GLP-3.

The three receptors.

• GLP-1 receptor. Responds to glucagon-like peptide-1, an incretin released from the gut after eating. It is linked to insulin release and appetite signalling.
• GIP receptor. Responds to glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, a second incretin.
• Glucagon receptor. Responds to glucagon, which works largely opposite to insulin and also influences energy expenditure and the liver.

What researchers compare.

The central question in this area is what each added receptor contributes. Cell and animal studies set single, dual and triple agonists side by side and measure energy expenditure, appetite-related signalling, insulin release and liver fat. Adding glucagon-receptor activity is the newest step, which is why triple agonists like GLP-3 attract so much interest.

GLP-3 also carries a fatty-acid modification that lengthens its half-life in experimental systems.

An oral comparator.

Peptides in this class are mostly studied in solution, because the gut breaks them down. Orforglipron is different: a small molecule, not a peptide, that activates the GLP-1 receptor. That makes it a natural comparator in oral-route research. See small molecules in peptide research for more.

Choosing a vial size.

Each size holds the same peptide; the figure is the total in the vial. Because a reconstituted solution has a limited working life, choose the size your study will use soon after mixing. See how to reconstitute peptides.

Documentation.

Every lot is third-party HPLC tested, with certificates in our COA library.

Questions.

What does GLP-3 mean?

It is a catalogue name for a peptide with three receptor targets: GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon. There is no natural hormone called GLP-3.

Is your GLP-2 the same as the natural hormone GLP-2?

No. Our GLP-2 is named for its two receptor targets, GIP and GLP-1. The natural GLP-2 is a separate intestinal hormone.

Which is the newest class?

Triple agonists, which add glucagon-receptor activity to GIP and GLP-1.

Are these approved for human use?

No. All three are sold for laboratory research only.

For laboratory research use only. Not for human or veterinary use. Nothing in this article is medical advice or guidance on human use.